WEB GRAFFITI ZINE Zine 20v3: First Nations Collated by William Hillman Assistant Professor ~ Faculty of Education ~ Brandon University

CONTENTS Native American Words of Wisdom Westfall/Castel Memoir 4: Hard Times and a Wihtiko Art Gallery Westfall/Castel Memoir 6 Living off the Land: Visions of the Future  Massacre by Bill Hillman Links

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NATIVE AMERICAN WORDS OF WISDOM

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"The biggest enemy the Indian ever had was lack of education. Everybody always did our thinking for us." -Winifred Jourdain

"It is less a problem to be poor than to be dishonest. No one else can represent your conscience."   -Anishinabe

"We will be known forever by the tracks we leave."   -Dakota

"Guard your tongue in youth, and in age you may mature a thought that will be of service to your people."  -Lakota

"See how the boy is with his sister and you can know how the man will be with your daughter."  -Lakota

"The ones that matter most are the children. They are the true human beings."  -Lakota

"Knowledge was inherent in all things. The world was a library."  -Chief Luther Standing Bear

"A child believes that only the action of someone who is unfriendly can cause pain."  -Santee Lakota

"Do not speak of evil for it creates curiosity in the hearts of the young."  -Lakota

"We do not want churches because they will teach us to quarrel about God."  -Chief Joseph

"Dreams are wiser than men. It takes a whole village to raise a child. Respect the gift and the giver."  -Omaha

"Do not wrong or hate your neighbors, for it is not he you wrong but yourself."  -Pima

"Those who have one foot in the canoe and one foot in the boat are going to fall into the river."  -Tuscarora

"When the whiteman discovered this country Indians were running it. No taxes, no debt, women did all the work. Whiteman thought he could improve on a system like this." -Old Cherokee Saying

Westfall/Castel English-Cree Dictionary and Memoirs of the Elders
Memoir 4
Hard Times and a Wihtiko
Agnes Colomb, 1923-
Pukatawagan, January 12, 1998
Interviewer: Doris Castel

    Agnes: They stayed here in the wintertime, but when spring came and it started to get warm, they travelled out into the bush, trapping. I experienced very hard times when I was growing up. It was not like now. We had nothing. I cut all my wood with an axe and used a support strap to carry the load on my back. Then, I would pile the firewood outside. Also, I would check my rabbit snares. This was what we had to eat. And I would go and lift up a fishing net. I used to trap, too. Back then, people had a hard life. Eventually, I went out on my own, but that’s not really a long time ago.

    We used to have to haul our water, entirely by hand, from the shore. Then we would warm the water and do the laundry. Nobody used a
    washing machine. Nowadays, it is very easy. Back then, though, it was hard.

   The people used to travel around, camping from place to place. Only when a woman was pregnant and in labour, then they would stop and set up camp. And that’s where the baby was born, not in the hospital.

    Doris: How did you, did they usually name the children? All sorts of  names?

    Agnes: Yes, all sorts.

    Doris: Like what? Do you remember how they used to name their children?

    Agnes: No.

    Doris: No?

    Agnes: I don’t remember. They used to name them all sorts of ways. They really... We had a very hard time.

    Doris: They did not mention where they came from?

    Agnes: No.

    Doris: No... oh!

    Agnes: They did not mention anything about that. Maybe your grandmother was born while they were travelling around.

    Doris: Did she often say anything about her father and mother? What did she say about them?

    Agnes: Actually, she used to talk about them a lot. Yes, life was hard then, my granddaughter. When my grandmother told me in no uncertain terms to go to bed, I would go to sleep right away when it was getting dark.

    Doris: I see!

    Agnes: That was the only “sickness.” Nobody was ever sick. She said, “Beware the wihtiko; he devours all the people.”

    Doris: In what way did she refer to him?

    Agnes: She said about him, you know, “Watch out! When the wihtiko comes near, then everyone... One old man used to ambush the wihtiko, and he tried to eat them all, but they beat him when they ambushed him.” That’s what she used to talk about.

    Doris: This was the only “sickness” present?

    Agnes: Yes, and they made a fire like this beside their tipi, you know. Outside, they built a fire, in order to see it come running.

    Doris: That’s all?

    Agnes: That’s all I know. Unfortunately, I have forgotten how your grandfather used to tell the stories, I mean, your late grandmother.

    [End of recording]

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ART GALLERY

Westfall/Castel English-Cree Dictionary and Memoirs of the Elders
Memoir 6
Living off the Land: Visions of the Future
Keno Linklater, 1936-
Pukatawagan, May 27, 1998
Interviewer: Beverly Linklater

    Our ancestors had to work extremely hard just to survive. In the
    summer, they would begin working early in the morning. They hunted in both
    summer and winter, year after year. In the summer they dried meat and fish,
    and they gathered berries. As soon as the berries were ripe, the women of all
    ages picked berries day after day. The men, young and old, hunted moose
    during the summer. They caught fish, too. A young person would never been
    seen just sitting around or having nothing to do while everyone else was
    working.

    When my grandfathers used to tell me stories, I paid close attention
    and noticed how they told them. In early times, the people lived a simple
    life, off the land. Before the Europeans came and disturbed their way of
    life, they knew very well how to take care of their own needs. They gathered
    in the summer and prepared pemmican. They prepared their own grease. The
    dried meat, fish, pemmican, and berries were stashed away for the winter.
    That way they would be ready if the winter turned out to be cold. The
    foodstuffs were consumed after Christmas. They did not spoil.

    In a shady place by the muskeg, a hole would be dug for the winter
    stores. The foodstuffs were buried there in a way that water could not seep
    in. That stash was just like a refrigerator; the food never spoiled there,
    and it served the people’s needs until warmer weather came and the hunting
    and trapping resumed. The stash would last the whole winter. The spring was
    the time to make traps. In earlier times, my grandfather used to tell me,
    store-bought traps were not available. Our ancestors made traps out of trees
    and thin roots. They made snares from these. They snared beaver, you know,
    but I don’t know exactly how they did it.

    This is the way my grandfather told it. These were the things they used
    before the snare wire and the steel trap were introduced. It was in the
    spring, too, that they made birchbark canoes. They would strip the bark off
    a birch that was really big around, peeling off just enough to make one
    canoe. They used rocks to hold the birch bark underwater until it softened,
    according to my grandfather. It was tied together with tamarack, but I don’t
    know exactly how it was done. I have tried it myself many times but have
    never been successful.

    It amazes me; I am sure the people must have been very clever to be
    able to do things like making birchbark canoes. They looked just like the
    canoes that we have today, but that is how they made them. My grandfather
    told me, too, how the sticks were bent at an angle to make the ribs for the
    canoes, how the birch bark was put on, and how tar was put on the roots that
    they used. The women, young and old, gathered those roots in the bush, as
    well as the spruce gum. The spruce gum was the only thing available for
    sealing a canoe and making it watertight. They used the roots to tie the
    canoe together. They glued the canoe together and hung it up in the air to
    dry, my grandfather said. Afterwards, they poured water over it to find out
    if it would leak. Wherever there was a leak, they would patch the canoe with
    spruce gum while it was still hanging there. Then they took the canoe down
    and tied it up properly with roots so that it would be strong. When they were
    finished, they made paddles. After that, they would just paddle away. The
    canoes that they used were strong, but they were very careful with them, not
    banging into things with them.

    The Native people were very clever before they were disturbed, before
    the European came and disturbed their way of life. They were perfectly
    capable of looking after themselves. They made clothing for themselves, too.
    When they killed a moose, the women immediately made tanned hide. All sorts
    of other things they made, as well, like bearskins. When they killed bears,
    the bearskins were used as mattresses. Caribou and moose hides were used to
    make jackets, footwear and mittens. These were all made from animals,
    including rabbits. They used to snare the rabbits, my grandfather said, with
    the thin roots. They cut up branches, willow wands, for snare support sticks.
    Every time a rabbit was snared, it flew up. There it hung, and there was no
    way it could break it, even though only a little willow wand was used for a
    snare. From the rabbit skins they made blankets, and they did this year after
    year for survival. They always worked in the same way, changing nothing.
    And they played games. Of course, they played games. For example, there
    was the game of chance that they played using stones, the way the Eskimos
    used them. However, the rules were different. The people here played
    checkers, too, but they made the checkers themselves. Where the game came
    from or who invented it, I do not know. My grandfather said it was the old
    people who made checkers, as well as the checkerboard. I don’t know how they
    got the idea to make checkers, but they did it. Yes, they played all kinds of
    games.

    They did the same things year after year, and they always worked for
    survival in the same way.

    Long ago, they had the ability to see into the future. My grandfather
    used to tell about his father and grandfather, how they saw things before
    they came here, like potatoes. The vegetable gardens were first introduced in
    the Highrock area when my grandfather on my father’s side was a young man. He
    and my mother’s father, too, used to tell me the old stories the way they had
    been told them when they were young.

    Once long ago, my grandfather said, there used to be a very wise
    person, one with shamanistic powers. My grandfather told me about it, the one
    called Albert Linklater. He passed away when I went out at nine years of age
    to attend school in 1943. That old man was about 90, probably 95 years old,
    when he died. I remember him telling me the story as if it was today. It is
    the story he told us when we were young. He would always have us sit together
    when he told his story.

    It is amazing, all the things I have seen in my life. Right now, I am
    63 years old. I was only eight, nine years old when he passed away. When he
    made us sit together, he told us stories of the things he had experienced,
    maybe in the early 1800s. He had himself experienced the time when there were
    still wise men, shamans. They went out to have vision quests, he said. They
    used to make preparations, the people of long ago did, whenever they left to
    go out to seek spirit power. And they did not do this on the land, but under
    the water. But he never told me what happened when they went into the water.
    “I don’t remember what happened...I wonder if they turned into rock,” he
    said. “It’s the only way to stay underwater and sleep there. It was in the
    winter that they did this. All winter they had these spirit dreams under
    water. These elders, they were the wise old men,” he said.

    That was my grandfather named Albert Linklater. Whenever spring came,
    and it was almost summer, all of a sudden he would appear. I saw him myself.
    I saw him, like that kind of an elder just arriving from a spirit quest. And
    at that time he would tell us what was going to happen in the future. He told
    us everything, what he had experienced in his vision quest. Maybe that was a
    divine gift. That’s why they believed the first time the Christian religion
    was brought here. That’s what happened long ago. That’s the story the old man
    told us.

    Okay! “As you grow up you have a priority,” my grandfather told us,
    “which is the Christian religion. That’s what the old man told us about
    religion. They believed that someone would be there to give life, to guide us
    in how to live our lives. They believed. He told us not to discard our
    religion, the one we were given here on earth. The person brought to us was
    Jesus. God sent his disciples to teach us the religion we are practising now.
    He did not, however, create a different religion than the one he had already
    made, but I did hear that old man tell me that in the future we would start
    seeing all kinds of different religions which the white people would invent.
    Now, I see all sorts of different religions, but I will never give up mine,
    the one I was taught.” My grandfather said all this. “Follow the way you were
    brought up. Do not stray from the path. Follow just his road, the way that
    you were taught as you grew up.”

    The radio already existed by that time. Long ago, radios were made out
    of wood. He had one of those. “All of a sudden,” he said, “you are listening
    to it talking now, but in the future you will actually see a white man
    talking and showing himself in it.” The first time I saw a television, I
    remembered what the old man had told me. That was what he meant, eh? He
    already knew what was going to happen. He told us what we would be seeing in
    the future. (At the time we were living at Granville Lake.) In the future, he
    said, there would be towns surrounding us here. There would be roads all
    over, too, with vehicles moving everywhere. He meant Lynn Lake, Leaf Rapids,
    Thompson, and this highway here. He saw it all in what the white people call
    a vision. That old man saw it coming in the future. He told us about it long
    ago. Now I am starting to see everything that the old man foresaw. That’s
    why, whenever a person is granted a vision, I do not reject it out of hand or
    make fun of it if he is convinced. It was authentic, that one. Moreover, he
    told us, a railway will run through where these Pukatawagan people live, not
    very far away from here. That is the same railroad that did go by here
    (later), on which ran a steam engine with fire. “It will go as far as the
    town to the north (Lynn Lake),” he said. You see, this is what he came and
    told us long before it actually happened.

    “Don’t ever abandon our way of life and the way we were brought up,” he
    told us. “We always have to teach the new generation. When you start to have
    children yourselves, teach them how to make a living, how they should not
    treat the wildlife with disrespect. In the future it will be difficult. You
    people in the transition stage, in the middle, will be all right. You will be
    like kings. You will have rations, money will be given to you freely; it will
    not be like right now, the way we are living and the way you are being
    treated now, even though the trappers’ fathers buy their food in the store.
    The lifestyle of buying food from the store is becoming more common. You are
    living so much that way that you should take a look at what is happening.
    Tell your leaders to be cautious; many of them will think that they have made
    it and are like kings when things are going well at the moment. I have been
    seeing this going on since 1970, this lifestyle. I am always reminded of what
    that old man told me long ago. That’s why at every meeting I speak out and
    encourage the leaders to look to the future and not just at themselves. Now
    I see with my own eyes what that old man foretold. His grandfather had told
    him the stories, and he passed them down to us. There are not many of us
    still living who were there when my grandfather Albert told those stories as
    they had been told to him. These are the same stories I always tell; I have
    not forgotten them.

    And then there was the time when my two grandfathers used to take turns
    taking me out trapping with them. I started to learn how to trap when I was
    seven or eight years old, before I went out to school. Sometimes I would help
    my grandfather trap over at Granville Lake, and sometimes I would trap with
    my grandfather here at Pukatawagan. They had the same lifestyle and did the
    same things.

    I used to go berry picking with my grandmother, too. She would tire me
    out picking berries. Oh, yes, I almost forgot to tell about how they used to
    store their food, my late grandfather Albert’s father and his grandmother.
    They used to make bark baskets from birch bark. They made those to store
    their food and they buried it in them. My late grandmother and my late
    grandfather did the same thing. My grandmother used to make baskets into
    which she put pemmican, dried fish and dried moose meat with homemade grease.
    We used to go and bury them, my grandfather and I. This is what we had to eat
    all winter until spring came.

    There were already potatoes here in my grandfathers’ time. They were
    introduced when a man brought six of them from Sherridon. The people at
    Highrock cut out the eyes, divided them among themselves, and planted them in
    the summer. Then they harvested them in the fall. They stored most them, but
    set aside just enough for their own immediate use. And that’s how these
    potato gardens came into existence there. Eventually, potatoes were brought
    to Pukatawagan, too, where people divided them equally among themselves. Long
    ago, the people always shared, always helped each other. They did not sell to
    each other. Survival was difficult, so they helped one another.

    However, the white people, the Europeans, were already here and
    continuing to arrive. It was the same at Granville Lake, where there were a
    white woman and her husband. His name was Dick Matour. His wife set up a
    store there that I still remember. My late father used to cut lumber by hand
    over there at Granville Lake, at apisci-paðipânakosi, where lumber was being
    cut for a store that was under construction. It was that white lady who was
    having it built. People even used to paddle from Pukatawagan to buy
    groceries, because it was the only store in the area. Then, as time went by,
    retail merchants from Sherridon came in, and the French Company was
    established across the water from here. But back then, the people were not
    always here, because when fall came they would all pack up and leave, with
    only a few remaining behind, those whose traplines were close-by, like my
    late grandfather, my mother’s father. He trapped right across from here. They
    all survived the same way, burying foodstuffs in the shade for use in the
    winter. They set nets, too, which they made by hand out of cord and rope.
    They were given rope. But already at that time people were receiving social
    assistance. I remember seeing it.

    They used to tell stories about a wihtiko that was still around in the
    1950s. You know, these people from further north who were dying of starvation
    turned into wihtikos, people were told. Our grandfathers said that they used
    to come here. Our grandfathers of long ago were shamans, very wise. They knew
    when a wihtiko was coming because they could sense when this not quite human
    being was coming to get them. Over there at Granville Lake, there is a lookout
    rock shaped like a tower. In the spring, before I went out to school in
    1943, we used to go there. It is a hill with a tower-like rock that juts out
    about twenty feet. My grandfather said he used to climb up it to watch for
    the wihtiko. I wonder how he climbed it, that old man, because it is very
    steep and slippery. The top of it is shaped (scooped out) like a seat. Many
    people go just to have a look at it, not very far from the community of
    Granville Lake. It is only about ten miles across the water from where the
    people are living, across West Arm. You can go there anytime and take a
    picture of it. I even tell the young people that they should go and see it
    for themselves.

    Grandfather Michel, as he was called, really was a wise man, a shaman,
    and I guess everybody was related to him there. He was a wizard who used to
    talk about how he had flown. This is exactly what my grandfather told me
    about him. Whenever anyone needed him, no matter where, he would see him and
    recognize him. It is because there were shamans in those days who really knew
    the people. He just took off. I don’t know how he managed to fly, and nobody
    actually saw him do it. “He flew,” they said. He flew to wherever he was
    needed, and when he got there he would just walk in. That was how much power
    he had, my grandfather’s grandfather. But then, some people called my
    grandfather a big liar. I suspect that he had some of that shamanistic power,
    too, because I used to think of him in that way, whenever I went trapping
    with him right across from here, at the narrows. Once he told me the story
    when I had just finished school, in 1949.

    I was fourteen, not yet fifteen years old, when we finished school. My
    father did not let me continue my schooling because he had to teach me too
    his way of survival, as he explained it to the priest. Even though I had not
    yet completed my schooling, I had to learn to survive in the wild and not
    live the European or white man’s way. I was taught a lot about the Native way
    of survival. The time I am talking about with regard to my grandfather was
    when I was becoming a man of fourteen. Long ago, nobody sat around with
    nothing to do; such a person would likely starve to death. And this is the
    way I followed at that time. When I went out trapping with my grandfather,
    we travelled early in the morning, before sunrise. We had a team of just two
    dogs, the only ones that he had. I controlled the dogs, and he packed the
    snow down for a trail. There was a cabin over there in the bush. Just as the
    night sky began to brighten, at maybe four o’clock, we left in a hurry and
    got there at daybreak. We built a campfire there at the cabin.
    “Okay, we’ll go over there another five miles, I guess, and will stop
    there, okay, and set up camp,” he said to me. “There is a pond with beavers
    that we will snare.” Snare wire was already in use by then, also traps. That
    is where we set up our tent. I made some tea there. Then, he told a story:
    I’ll tell you a story, my grandson. Long ago, when I was
    young, this is where we used to camp, your late grandmother and
    I. But for a long time we did not use a canvas tarpaulin. Deer
    hide is what we used for a tent. One time, after I had wrapped
    these deer hides around the poles, and when I had made the
    bedding and started a fire inside and fetched some water, your
    grandmother made tea. Then, she said to me, ‘I have been
    listening and am really worried.’ I said, ‘I have a funny
    feeling that somebody is planning to do something to us. I
    think I will go out for a while.’ While I was standing outside,
    there was a strong wind, like a tornado, and suddenly it was as
    if someone wrapped me up and carried me off to somewhere in the
    northeast, Grand Rapids, maybe, where I suddenly dropped down.
    There was a tent in that place, a kind of tipi. I walked in
    there and noticed elders sitting in a circle. Some young people
    had gone out by canoe to get groceries. They were to paddle by
    way of Nelson House and Grand Rapids, and finally to Winnipeg.
    When they completed their purchases, they would travel home by
    way of Swan River, Cumberland House, and then all the way along
    the Saskatchewan River. This is the route they followed, those
    who went out for groceries long ago. Well, those elders were
    talking about the young people and plotting to do something to
    them, and they had not even reached Grand Rapids yet. Because
    it was such a long trip, they must have overwintered somewhere.
    I listened to them, but they did not know that I was sitting
    there with them. Then, I went outside, where a wind wrapped me
    up and carried me back. I walked back in slowly, just as your
    grandmother was taking out the teapot, having made tea. I
    laughed at her, because she thought I was a liar, or so I have
    heard. But it’s true what I say. If I had not adopted the
    Christian religion, I would still be very much a shaman today,
    and all of you would be shamanists.

    But myself, I was told absolutely not to abandon
    Christianity. My late father told me this, and it is how he
    raised me, and that’s the reason I quit shamanism myself. Many
    people quit shamanism, and yet many of them have it in them to
    this day. Some people really use it to do good. It is a divine
    gift. These are the medicine people. I see that. When somebody
    uses it in a bad way, however, he is not acting right. He will
    not be taken into heaven when he departs this earth. That is
    why I discontinued it. And your forefathers, who are related to
    us, they all started to quit shamanism. They chose Christianity
    instead.

    Now I will tell you about my other grandfather, my mother’s father.
    I always used to accompany him when he went out to do a little trapping in the spring.
    We used to trap over there on the Churchill River at Granville Falls.
    It was a place called Bear Bay, over there towards apisci-paðipânakosi
    “Little Narrows,” and at another place called wîwîsi [wîhkîsi-wâsa ‘Calamus Bay’](?).

    I never heard that old man swear. He always Calamus (Wild Ginger)
    prayed fervently, that grandfather of mine. Whenever wîhkîs
    we made camp, we always prayed before turning in for the night, and when we
    got up in the morning he prayed. Before we started out he would sing hymns.
    He was always singing hymns. One time we went hunting with him in the fall,
    my late cousin and I, trying not to make any sound. Nobody had killed a moose
    yet. This cousin was the son of my aunt, the one living in Sandy Bay. Paul
    was his name, Paul Morin. We hunted, we explored Little Groundhog River,
    camping at an inlet on a bay. When we were setting up camp there, he told us
    to be quiet. We moved silently, because when we were camping we did not want
    to frighten off the moose.

    By the time we had made camp and changed, it was already dark.
    Suddenly, he said, “Okay, let’s pray, let’s pray!” Then he started to pray
    full blast. When he had finished, he started singing hymns. My cousin kept
    nudging me to get my attention and then said to me, “We probably won’t see
    anything. The way our grandfather is making so much noise, the moose will
    probably run far away.” It was the same thing in the morning, even before
    the sun was up. Our grandfather woke us up, saying, “All right, wake up!
    Don’t make too much noise! Make a fire, make tea!” When we had finished
    boiling the tea, we gave him some to drink, because that’s how we were taught
    to look after an elder, you know. We cooked for him after we had given him
    tea. When he had finished his food, he said, “Okay, let’s pray!” And then you
    could hear the echo while he was singing. Finally, my late cousin, who did
    not care what he said, told him, “Grandfather, I am sure you scared the moose
    very far away already. We can hear the echo in the forest.” Our grandfather
    replied, “All right, my grandchild, I will tell you something. It is not to
    the animal that I am praying. It is to our God that I am praying. He is the
    only one who hears me. The animal does not hear me.” He repeated himself and
    once again told us to be quiet. “Be silent,” he said. And just a moment
    before, he had been singing so loudly! We fell silent again. As we left the
    shoreline of the bay, we noticed two moose not two hundred feet away on the
    other bay. I shot the pair of them.

    People used to do something when they killed an animal, you know. Long
    ago, our forefathers used to throw something into the fire as a sacrificial
    offering. Whenever my grandfathers killed something, I saw them make a burnt
    offering like that. They would throw in a piece for their grandfathers so
    that they would be given something in return. Our great-grandfathers did it,
    too. Still today, whenever I kill an animal, I always throw a piece into the
    fire. I even save a little of the tea to pour into the fire, and I say to
    myself, “Here, Grandmother, I give you tea.” I still remember my grandfather
    Albert saying this. He used to tell us this. He talked about it continually.
    “Don’t forget about this,” he would say, “what I am telling you, if you would
    live a long life, eh?” I am already sixty-three years old myself. At the
    time my grandfather told me this, I was nine. This is what he talked about.
    “The leaders today are only looking after their own interests. That’s
    why everyone who becomes chief says, ‘I heard about this or that, but I don’t
    see it with my own eyes.’ They all have a business. They take our money and
    use it, eh?” That’s what the old man was talking about when he said, “Your
    leaders are going to be, a lot of them, misguided. Try to put them out while
    you are still alive if you see this corruption, especially for the young
    people who are just now going to school and growing up. Meanwhile, we can see
    these children and teenagers starting to act different. If we don’t teach
    them right, they are going to be troublesome in the future. They are our
    grandchildren and our great-grandchildren. They will start to see the hard
    times coming back. They will be broke. You people in the middle, the
    transition stage, will be given welfare.”

    “There is a lot of work, but in the future it will stop. The white man
    will use everything but will only have to press a button,” he said. Oh, I
    forgot about that. He said, “Long ago people used to make open fires. In the
    future, though, you will only press something and the light will come on.”
    That’s what my grandfather Albert said. “And if you want to make fire,
    you will only have to release a little button and you will be warm.” See,
    that is what the old man foresaw. How he knew this, I don’t know, but I see
    it now. Right now, a person lives very differently, and even I am too lazy to
    haul wood, because the white man has been a bad influence. But I can still
    survive in the bush the Native way, because I was taught it. At present,
    people just eat from the store. I do not see many people hunting wild game.
    The young people are just following their leaders’ examples. Myself, I quit
    the Native way of life long ago, when I went to work in 1963. I used to work
    on the railroad long ago, back in the fifties. I worked at all sorts of jobs.
    I worked everywhere. And then I started to abandon the Native way of life. I
    trapped, I fished. That was how I used to survive long ago, when I was on my
    own. I was with my parents for only a short while. I was only eighteen years
    old when my father told me, “That’s it, Son; I have finished raising you. You
    are on your own now and will try to support yourself.” That’s right! We
    succeeded in making our own living because he had taught us to trap and to
    survive according the traditional Native way. Look, right now it’s gone, that
    way of survival. When I started working for money I also started neglecting
    the Native way of life. I have the ability, though, to do it again, because
    I have always worked until now. I am sixty-three years old now. I am given my
    Native pension worth $703, an old age pension. The Canada pension, too, I
    will be paid, because I used to be employed, but I won’t receive it for two
    years. Then, I will end up living like a king.

    That’s it! All right?

MUSIC

Featuring the
Pukatawagan Song
by the late Sidney Castel