BILL and SUE-ON HILLMAN: A 60-YEAR MUSICAL ODYSSEY
ROOTS AND WINGS SECTION
Presents
AFTER THE GUESS WHO
www.hillmanweb.com/chadallan/press2.html
BOB ASHLEY
The long lost Who
Original Guess Who keyboardist went on to fine career in cabaret, theatre
By John Einarson
Winnipeg Free Press ~ August 9, 2015
Garry Peterson, Randy Bachman, Bob Ashley, Jim Kale, Chad AllanFollowing his departure from the band in December 1965, Ashley virtually fell off everyone's radar screens here. Even his former bandmates didn't know his whereabouts and royalties went unclaimed for years. Few knew the man behind those memorable clinkity-clink piano chops on Shakin' All Over or the lavish grand piano flourishes in Hurting Each Other enjoyed a widely-respected, award-winning career in musical theatre and cabaret for some 47 years and is still performing. "I don't know why people think I'm mysterious," Ashley said with a laugh, from his home in Toronto. "If people wanted to find me they could. It wasn't hard. I wasn't hiding from anybody."
In Toronto, Ashley was able to reinvent himself leaving his rock 'n' roll past behind to carve out a prominent spot as an in-demand composer, arranger, musical director and dance accompanist. Most of his associates never knew he had been a member of Canada's top band in 1965, touring the U.S. in the company of many of the biggest stars of the day.
Born and raised on Clonard Avenue in St. Vital, Ashley began piano lessons at four, studying classical music. Blessed with perfect pitch, by his teens he enjoyed playing pop music and came to the attention of neighbour Jim Kale, who played bass guitar. Kale was playing in The Jaywalkers, but with Ashley (then working as a clerk at the Canadian Wheat Board) in tow the two joined promising East Kildonan band Allan's Silvertones. Fronted by Allan Kowbel, a.k.a. Chad Allan, on guitar and vocals, various personnel changes eventually brought in guitarist Randy Bachman and drummer Garry Peterson, both hailing from West Kildonan, along with a new name: Chad Allan & the Reflections. "Bob was kind of like our informal musical director," said Allan. "We learned everything by ear and Bob would tell us if we were playing the wrong chords. He was definitely the most musical member of the band."
In short order the quintet became the top group in the city. "We were the best jukebox band in town," Ashley said. "We were always very tight as a band."
Their individual talents and versatility allowed Chad Allan & the Reflections to play just about anything. The community club dance scene was opening up and along with church basement soirees and high school proms, the band worked every weekend. Allan bought a couple of violin pickups that were thumb-tacked to the back of pianos allowing Ashley to be heard over the other instruments. However, using a community club piano could be troublesome for Ashley.
"With his perfect pitch, Bob hated playing out of tune pianos at gigs," Allan said. "It would drive him crazy."
Even Bachman's string bending was irritating. "It was like fingernails scratching on a blackboard to him," Bachman said.
"Bob could do all the [country music instrumentalist] Floyd Cramer piano trill stuff superbly," Bachman added. "Nobody was doing that in the city. In the early days of the Reflections, Bob was the star instrumentalist in the band. He played more solos than me and could play things like Bumble Boogie and Nut Rocker. When he got a little Hohner organ, that expanded the sound and range of the group. We could do Telstar and songs like that."
The flip side of Chad Allan & the Reflections' first record, 1963's Tribute To Buddy Holly, featured Ashley's nimble piano playing on the group instrumental Back and Forth. In an effort to showcase the talents of the band, the following year their record label issued the instrumental single Inside Out, featuring Ashley, with Bachman's Made in England on the B side under the name Bob Ashley & the Reflections.
But it was their 1965 single Shakin' All Over, recorded at CJAY TV's Polo Park studio, that catapulted the Winnipeg group to national attention, making the top five in every region of the country. Released in the U.S. on New York-based Scepter Records, the raucous recording rose to No. 22 on the Billboard charts.
In June 1965, the band headed to New York to record and tour the eastern seaboard as far down as Florida. "When we recorded in New York, for the first time it felt like the real thing," Ashley recalled. "They had professional songwriters come in and pitch their songs to us." Among those were Nick Ashford and Valerie Simpson of Ain't No Mountain High Enough fame and Gary Geld and Peter Udell, who offered the Guess Who Hurting Each Other. Later a hit for the Carpenters, the Guess Who were the first to record the song.
"I remember touring with the Crystals," Ashley said. "It was the first time any of us had spent time with African-Americans from New York. It was a totally different culture, but we had a lot of fun. They were our soul sisters."
Bachman recalled the time the Crystals dragged a shy Ashley onstage with them for He's A Rebel. "He was so embarrassed," he said. Ashley also witnessed the darker side of American society travelling through the segregated south. "That was very unsettling. It was so foreign to us coming from Canada. It made me very uneasy."
After spending much of 1965 on the road, Ashley grew weary of touring.
"I wasn't enjoying it anymore," he said. "It wasn't fun. I was thrilled with the success we had, but I had a lot of personal stuff going on at the time. I wasn't comfortable with the whole social aspect of being in a band. I became very shy with the public. My headspace was not great. I was suffering from depression."
A volatile situation at home coupled with a growing realization of who he was led Ashley to leave the group. "I was gay, but didn't act on it," he said. "I suppressed it at the time."
In December, Ashley told his bandmates he was leaving. "I was very taciturn about it," he recalled. "I didn't give any notice, I just told them I was done. In hindsight, it wasn't the most ethical thing to do, but I just couldn't go on. They were quite surprised."
As Kale put it: "Ashley just wasn't cut out for the road."
Allan filled in on piano until a permanent replacement was found. That new recruit was 17-year-old Burton Cummings. "I was told by a friend that Burton once said he thanked me for leaving the Guess Who and giving him his big break," Ashley said with a chuckle.
For the next two years, Ashley played various low-profile gigs around the city including a stint with the house band at Pierre's Restaurant (now the Palomino Club) and working days at the Country Music Centre record shop on Selkirk Avenue. "I was versatile and could play anything," he said. "Classical, jazz, Broadway, rock 'n' roll." That versatility led him to accompany dancers at the Royal Winnipeg Ballet, a job he found very enjoyable. He also played briefly in pub perennial Wayne Walker's backing band.
In the spring of 1968, Ashley was accompanying nightclub singer Annabelle Allen when the singer decided to try her luck in Toronto. "It was all very spontaneous," Ashley said. "We just hopped into a car, Annabelle, her husband, her child and me, and headed to Toronto."
However, soon after arriving, Ashley found himself abandoned. Undeterred, he decided to stay in Toronto.
"I did some club work because I knew a couple of Winnipeggers who were playing clubs there. Because I had played some classes for the RWB I called up the National Ballet School in Toronto and got a job."
Ashley would be associated with both Canada's National Ballet School and the National Ballet of Canada on and off for the next 47 years.
Ashley also worked with the dance program at Toronto's York University. That connection led to musical theatre and cabaret work where he quickly found himself in demand as musical director, arranger, accompanist and writer.
"For about 25 years, theatre was my life," he said. "I loved it. I was first call for many productions."
"Bob was one of the most significant musical theatre and cabaret music directors in Toronto for many years," said theatrical composer Jim Betts. "As a collaborator, he had the ability to flesh out my sometimes simple ideas. He loves being involved in exciting and different kinds of projects."
The pair's credits include three Cole Porter productions, On a Summer's Night for the Charlottetown Festival in 1979 (an adaptation of A Midsummer Night's Dream), and A Matter of Heart (2009) based on the life and music of legendary musician Stan Rogers.
"We had a wonderful musical partnership," Betts said, "and Bob had a great influence on any success I enjoyed."
Ironically, one of the performers in the Stan Rogers production was Terry Hatty, who had been singer in Kale and Peterson's latter-day Guess Who. "I knew that when I auditioned him," Ashley said.
Besides finding a whole new career, Ashley also discovered a community that was accepting of him as a gay man. "I finally admitted to myself that that was who I was," he said. "It was quite acceptable in the ballet and theatre communities in Toronto."
Ashley's list of musical director and writing credits is extraordinary, including: Eight to the Bar for the Charlottetown Festival, where he served as musical director for two years; the National Arts Centre's production of A History of the American Film, directed by John Hirsch; Aimee! inspired by the life of Aimee Semple McPherson; Cocktails for Two Hundred, Lies and Other Lyrics and The Family Way for the National Arts Centre Theatre Company; I'll Tell You Mine If You Tell Me Yours, Has Anyone Here Found Love and Tonight at 8:30, 9:00 in Newfoundland for Toronto's Teller's Cage; America We Hear You Calling for Theatre-in-the-Dell in Toronto; and Puttin' on the Ritz for the Firehall Theater. He had one of his songs included in Field of Stars, a selection of the best songs from Canadian musicals published in 2005, and won a coveted Dora Mavor Moore Award for musical direction on Piaf -- Her Songs, Her Loves.
"Whatever made Bob come to Toronto was certainly to our benefit in the musical theatre community," Betts said. "Rock 'n' roll's loss was most certainly our gain."
Ashley has served as musical director and accompanist for more than 50 professional musical theatre productions for most of the major theatres and producers in Canada. Ashley has been on the faculty at the Randolph Academy, Sheridan College Musical Theatre Programs, the Cardinal Carter Academy for the Arts, Queen Street's Dance Teq and continues to be a member of the artistic staff for Canada's National Ballet School.
"Bob loves the combination of music and dance," said Mavis Staines, National Ballet School artistic director and CEO, who first met Ashley when she was a student at the school. "His presence in the studio is a powerful force. He is an enthusiastic contributor, not only to the school, but also to our community programming for adults including our outreach program for Parkinson's sufferers. It is a privilege and an honour to work with Bob."
Now in his 70s, Ashley is still actively involved in music. He is a founding partner in Well Seasoned Productions, dedicated to creating works focused on the joys, challenges and celebration of life over 50 and also provides musical direction for PAL (Performing Arts Lodge). In addition, he has partnered with former Second City member, singer/comedienne Carolyn Scott, in the cabaret-style topical revue duo Cheap & Cheerful.
"She is the funniest person on Earth," Ashley said. "We just have fun and involve the audience. Our shows are a hoot." The duo recently appeared at Toronto's Hugh's Room.
"Everything that has happened in my career I have fallen into," Ashley said. "I'll get a call asking if I'd like to be involved with a production and I'll say 'Sure!' I never had to chase a career, it's always just happened."
Former Winnipegger Peter Feniak recalled spotting Ashley in A Matter of Heart.
"Bob was one of the musical directors. So I asked him if he was the same Bob Ashley who'd played with the Guess Who. He nearly fell off his chair. He hadn't been asked that in a long time."
"I'm proud to have been a member of the Guess Who," Ashley said. "That was a time of such great innocence, not about the money or fame. But I never put 'Guess Who member' on my resumé. Few people know about that."
Ashley (at piano) takes part in a YOU Dance program at the National Ballet of Canada.
The Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences (CARAS) is pleased to announce Burton Cummings as the 2016 inductee into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame. One of the most celebrated artists in Canadian history, Cummings’ remarkable career as a performer, singer, songwriter and recording artist has spanned over five decades and garnered a myriad of awards and accolades, including seven JUNO Awards. On Friday, April 1, he will become the first inductee to place their name plaque on the wall inside the Canadian Music Hall of Fame’s new home in the National Music Centre in Studio Bell. Cummings will also be honoured with a special induction tribute during the 45th annual JUNO Awards Broadcast on CTV, Sunday, April 3 from The Scotiabank Saddledome in Calgary, Alberta. BURTON CUMMINGS TO BE INDUCTED INTO
THE CANADIAN MUSIC HALL OF FAME
AT THE 2016 JUNO AWARDS
Legendary rocker will be the first to place his name plaque in
the Canadian Music Hall of Fame’s new home at the National Music Centre in Studio Bell
Music Express ~ Jan 25, 2016 ~ by Keith Sharp“I wish my mother had lived long enough to see this. She would have been over the moon about it. I’ve received many acknowledgements through the decades, but truthfully, I cannot say that any of them outweighs this one. I watched the Canadian industry evolve from its fledgling days into a global contender, and witnessed one brilliant artist after another leave a mark that was recognized all over Earth. I’m extremely proud to have been a part of those early days…extremely proud. After considerable success in a band situation, I took that huge, frightening step into solo artist territory. Initially, my single instinct was just to keep going…keep recording,” said Burton Cummings in a statement.
“With a lot of help and belief from a lot of supportive industry people, I DID manage to keep going. This honour tells me I made the right decision, that my instincts were correct. I’m more proud that anyone could know and I feel as Canadian as I’ve ever felt in my 68 years of life. I don’t take this lightly, and my sincere heartfelt thanks goes out to everyone who had anything to do with making this happen for me. This means more to me than anyone could ever really know.”
“Burton Cummings is indisputably one of Canada’s most beloved artists,” said Allan Reid, President & CEO, CARAS/The JUNO Awards. “For over 50 years, his powerful voice and timeless body of work have topped charts across North America and continues to resonate with fans both old and new. On behalf of CARAS, I’d like to congratulate Burton Cummings on this great achievement, and look forward to celebrating his lifetime of successes with a special induction weekend during the 2016 JUNO Awards.”
Cummings is a member of the Canadian Music Hall of Fame through his band The Guess Who (inducted in 1987) and 2016 will mark the singer-songwriter’s solo induction.
With Canada’s original rock ‘n’ roll superstars The Guess Who, Burton Cummings, as lead singer and songwriter, scored an unprecedented string of international hit singles and albums. Strikingout on his own in 1976, Cummings continued his winning streak with a gold record for his debut solo single, “Stand Tall” produced by legendary hit-maker Richard Perry, who numbered among his clients including Barbra Streisand, Carly Simon and Ringo Starr. The choice of producer was evidence of Cummings’ star power in the music industry. He followed that with more than a dozen hit singles and albums including “I’m Scared”, “I Will Play a Rhapsody”, “Timeless Love”, “Break It To Them Gently”, “Fine State of Affairs”, “You Saved My Soul”, My Own Way To Rock and Dream Of A Child. Sold out tours across Canada and the United States solidified Cummings’ stature as a top attraction. He starred in several top-rated television specials and earned five JUNO Awards between 1977 and 1980 for Best Male Vocalist and Best Album, serving as host of the JUNO Awards a record four times between 1979 and 1983. His 1978 album Dream Of A Child became the first quadruple platinum-selling album by a Canadian artist.
Through the ‘80s and ‘90s Cummings continued to tour including joining The Beatles drummer Ringo Starr’s All Starr Band. A starring role in the feature film Melanie alongside Miami Vice star Don Johnson in 1980 earned Cummings a Genie Award for Best Original Song along with praise for his acting ability. He also launched his acclaimed “Up Close and Alone” solo concert series featuring the singer alone onstage, recounting the stories behind his best-known songs and sharing personal moments from his career. A live album of the same name followed.
His 2008 solo album, the critically-acclaimed Above The Ground, was his first to feature all original songs by Cummings. Fans and critics glowed with superlatives citing the album as his best work in decades. Despite his many years in the music business, Cummings still possessed the muse and the uncanny ability to craft magic in the recording studio.
In 2012, Cummings released his first-ever live solo album Massey Hall, which was recorded at the famed Massey Hall in Toronto, Canada. Massey Hallfeatures some of Cummings’ largest hits from his The Guess Who and solo career, which spans five decades.
Never content to rest on his extraordinary accomplishments, Cummings continues to write, record and perform. Described as Canadian rock ‘n’ roll royalty, a national treasure, and a living legend, for Burton Cummings there has always been one constant: he remains true to himself and his own way to rock.
Cummings is a member of the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame, Canadian Music Industry Hall of Fame, Canada’s Walk of Fame, Canadian Music Industry Hall of Fame, Prairie Music Hall of Fame, recipient of the Order of Canada, the Order of Manitoba, the Governor-General’s Performance Arts Award, and several BMI (Broadcast Music Industry) awards for over 1 million airplays of his songs.
For more information on Burton Cummings, visit www.burtoncummings.com.
The Canadian Music Hall of Fame was established in 1978 and recognizes Canadian artists that have attained commercial success while having a positive impact on the Canadian music scene here at home and around the world. Burton Cummings will join the ranks of Canadian music icons in the Canadian Music Hall of Fame, some of which include Alanis Morisette, Anne Murray, Bachman-Turner Overdrive, Blue Rodeo, Bruce Cockburn, Daniel Lanois, Hank Snow, Joni Mitchell, k.d. lang, Leonard Cohen, Neil Young, Oscar Petersen, RUSH and Shania Twain.Burton Cummings will be inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame on Friday in recognition of his 40-year solo career. For a complete list of Canadian Music Hall of Fame recipients or to download photos of Burton Cummings, go to www.junoawards.ca.
Burton Cummings reflects
on 5 memorable songs from his solo career
Winnipeg-born artist to be inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame
The Canadian Press ~ Mar 30, 2016The Winnipeg-born master of infectious soft rock anthems, and former member of the Guess Who, becomes the first artist to be added to the hall's new home at the National Music Centre in Calgary. The Juno Awards will also pay tribute to him during Sunday's telecast.
Cummings reflected on his career and chose five songs from his solo era that he'll never forget:
Stand Tall
His debut single as a solo act, and a certified gold record: "I knew it had a shot when we released it, but we were all very pleasantly surprised when it became so big. It eased some of my fears of being a solo artist and kind of confirmed in my head that I had made the right choice."I'm Scared
The first track on his self-titled 1976 debut: "I was in New York City and it was cold at Christmastime and ... I was running back to my hotel and I passed this church. I went in basically to warm my hands and sat in the very back pew. There was not another human being in there, but I felt this presence really and truly — not to sound corny. I left a little bit upset and ran back to the hotel, scribbled down some lyrics, and it ended up being I'm Scared. It's not a love song, it's a song about wondering and questioning."Heavenly Blue
From 1980's Woman Love: "(The song is) one of my mother's favourite things ever. It's one of those pretty heartbreak songs with a good vocal — one of the best vocals I ever did, I think."Is It Really Right
From 1976's Burton Cummings: "That was supposed to be the title of the first solo album, but Portrait (Records) went all middle-of-the-road and decided to put me in a stupid striped suit (on the album cover). We had this bizarre Mad magazine-type cover ... a setup in the back alley. We hired two middle-aged twins, (producer) Richard Perry, my road manager Jim Martin ... and a couple of sexy models. We were all sitting around the big white grand piano as if it were a piano bar ... (that) original cover was fantastic."You Ain't Seen Nothin' Yet
A cover of estranged former Guess Who bandmate Randy Bachman's hit with Bachman-Turner Overdrive: "It was kind of meant to piss Randy off, but when the royalties started flowing in for him, he wasn't so pissed off anymore. Originally I had planned to start that cut with the cash registers chinkling, but Richard (Perry) and I decided maybe that was going a bit too far."
Throughout junior and senior high school, my noon-hour routine involved going home for lunch and tuning in to CKRC 630 AM to listen to Doc Steen. Doc hosted the noon to 2 p.m. shift, and besides playing the best music he always kept me chuckling. “What was that, Charlie?”
The Doc is in
By John Einarson
Ref: Winnipeg Free Press ~ Oct. 13, 2013
www.hillmanweb.com/chadallan/doc.html
Hey there, time traveller!
This article was published, so information in it may no longer be current.
https://www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/2013/10/13/the-doc-is-inBack then, radio broadcasters were larger-than-life personalities.
“Deejay was a derogatory term to us,” states former CKRC broadcaster Boyd Kozak. “Anyone can play a record. We were broadcasters and encouraged to be ourselves on air.” Boyd met Doc when he signed on with CKRC in 1963. “He was just a happy, down-to-earth guy,” he recalls. “This business has its share of egos, but Doc was genuine. There was nothing phoney about him.”
Steen compiled the CKRC Young At Heart chart every week with great care.Born and raised in Winnipeg, Irving ‘Doc’ Steen’s academic goal was hijacked by a love for radio.
“My earliest recollection of Doc goes back to before he was ‘Doc’,” recalls Harry Taylor, who also worked at CKRC back in the ’60s. “During my childhood, I lived on Kate Street just off Notre Dame. On the corner was Gold’s Pharmacy. This would be in the mid to late ’40s. I remember a young pharmacy student was hired while still attending classes at the U of M. That was Irv Steen. He used to make me cough medicine at the pharmacy. To help pay for his studies, he also worked as a nighttime announcer at CJOB, where he picked up the nickname ‘Doc’ because of his field of study. Eventually, his radio career took centre stage to the benefit of us all.” After a stint on a CKGM in Montreal, Doc returned to Winnipeg. “He came to CKRC in the early ’60s so I got to work with my pharmacist.”
Taylor continues: “Doc drove the smallest car I had ever seen, a Nash Metropolitan. We used to tease him that he should get another one for the other foot.”
As music director, Doc compiled the weekly CKRC Young At Heart record charts.
“He took it very seriously,” notes Boyd. “It was really important to the station, but was not easy to do. He had to call the record stores and check out all the requests the station received that week.”
Perhaps no other radio personality had a greater impact on the local music scene than Steen. He promoted bands and hosted dances at the community clubs.
“We all agreed that if we were going into the rock ‘n’ roll thing,” Doc recalled in a 1986 interview with me, “we had to recognize and promote the local rock ‘n’ roll groups in our city. I guess for three or four years there wasn’t a Friday or a Saturday night that I wasn’t out at the community clubs. I enjoyed working with the bands.”
And the bands enjoyed working with Doc.
Doc Steen handles emceeing duties at a dance featuring the Crescendos circa 1965.“He looked kind of square and was older than us but we really got along well with him,” the Crescendos’ Glenn MacRae remembers. “What he did for us on his radio show was far more than the other guys did. Doc made it a personal thing between himself and the band. He made jokes about us on air. He worked with other bands too, but he always maintained a sense of loyalty to us. Guys like Doc and the other deejays made the bands into local stars. I don’t know if it was a unique thing to Winnipeg but it was something special. They made us celebrities. It was a reciprocal relationship because it benefitted the radio station by connecting with the teen scene.”
Doc’s vast knowledge of music was impressive.
“Doc was emceeing one of our dances and asked us what our next song was. We told him Walking The Dog,” the Mongrels’ John MacInnes remembers. “He went up to the microphone and introduced it as an old Rufus Thomas song. We were teenagers and thought it was by the Rolling Stones because we learned it off their album.”
Doc arranged for the Crescendos to rehearse at the station and gave them 45s that were deemed unsuited to the station’s Top 40 format.
“He would give us records he thought might suit our band,” says MacRae. “That’s how we found Gloria and added it to our sets before anyone had heard it.”
Doc was also a mentor to others. “My very first radio visit as a promo guy was to Doc,” recalls Ken Bain. “I told him that I’d never done this before but I was willing to learn. Doc replied that if I was willing to listen then he would teach me how to pitch songs to radio. Every week, he would take the time to explain to me how the record guy/radio relationship worked. He loved music and he was very patient, understanding and knowledgeable.”
Later, when Doc moved over to fledgling CITI FM, he continued to encourage young broadcasters.
“Doc was older than the rest of us but he was in charge of Musicology, an hour-long feature that ran every day on one artist,” recalls Tom Milroy. “I did one for Doc on Alice Cooper, and he thought it was good and so it went to air. To get approval from one of the radio announcers I grew up listening to was pretty special and Doc Steen was a pretty special guy.”
The Guess Who pose with Bob Burns and Doc Steen (back, second from right) in 1965. pose withRetiring to Vancouver in 1987, Doc later moved to Saskatoon, where his wife Anne accepted a federal government posting. He passed away on Sept. 8, 2004. His son Jerry became a radio broadcaster in Calgary.
“There was nobody I know in the broadcasting business who could ever say anything negative about Doc Steen,” says Boyd Kozak. “Everyone loved him.”
The Guess Who pose with Bob Burns and Doc Steen (back, second from right) in 1965.Join John Einarson for My Generation Saturday mornings from 10 am to noon on UMFM 101.5.
Born and raised in Winnipeg, music historian John Einarson is an acclaimed musicologist, broadcaster, educator, and author of 20 music biographies published worldwide.
CHAD ALLAN: | 1. Anecdotes | 2. Interview | 3. Discography | 4. Reflections | 5. Clippings |
PHOTOS/SCRAPS: | 6. Photos I | 7. Photos II | 8. Photos III | 15. Photos IV | 20. Photos V |
ORIGINALS: | 11. Jim Kale | 12. Kale/Peterson | 13. Randy Bachman | 14. Randy's Guitars | 15. Randy's Rewards |
PRESS | 16. GW Bios Clips | 17. Press 1 | 18. Press 2 | 19. Press 3: Chad's Story | 20. |
ACCOMPLISHMENTS | 21. GW Degrees | 22. Shakin' All Over Story | 23 Mosaics/Discs | 24. | 25. Chad: Order of Manitoba |
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